Present in every version of Java, the java.lang.RuntimeException is an essential class that allows your application to handle unexpected problems without crashing. Runtime exceptions are exceptions only detected during the execution of your app - things like invalid user input or issues with external resources like files or networks. When an unexpected situation like those occurs, a RuntimeException can be thrown and your app can catch and handle it using a try-catch block.

except Exception as e is a construct in Python used for exception handling. It allows you to catch exceptions that occur during the execution of a block of code by using a try block to wrap the code that might raise an exception, and an except block to catch and handle the exception. The Exception part specifies that any exception of this type or its subclasses should be caught, and the as e part assigns the caught exception to a variable e, which you can then use to access details about the exception.

The Javascript error TypeError: "x" is not a function occurs when there is an attempt to call a function on an object, which is not actually a function. To illustrate using an analogy, imagine you're in a kitchen following a recipe. The recipe says to use a blender to blend certain ingredients together but you accidentally use a juicer. When you try to blend with a juicer, it doesn't work properly since blending is not a function of the juicer.

The IllegalArgumentException is an unchecked exception in Java that is thrown to indicate an illegal or unsuitable argument passed to a method. It is one of the most common exceptions in Java. To illustrate, it's like what happens when trying to set a password in a registration system with specific requirements.